Decentralisation and Community-based Natural Resource Management in Tanzania. – The Case of Local Governance and Community-based Conservation in Districts around the Selous Game Reserve

....................................................................................................................................... iii Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ iv INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1 PART ONE – LITERATURE REVIEW AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES.......6 1 Community-Based Natural Resource Management............................................6 1.1 Origins and Meaning of Community-Based Natural Resource Management........................................................................................................6 1.2 Community-Based Conservation in Africa......................................................7 1.2.1 Community Participation...........................................................................14 1.2.2 Devolution of Management ......................................................................20 1.2.3 Concluding Remarks.................................................................................21 2 Decentralisation and Local Government .............................................................23 2.1 Types of Decentralisation................................................................................23 2.2 Local Government ............................................................................................26 2.3 Benefits and Shortcomings of Decentralisation...........................................27 2.4 Decentralisation and Local Governance in Africa .......................................29 2.5 Concluding Remarks........................................................................................34 PART TWO – THE TANZANIAN CONTEXT ...................................................................35 3 Tanzania Entering the 21st Century ......................................................................35 4 Policy Framework for Decentralisation and Community Based Conservation ...............................................................................................................39 4.1 Natural Resource Management Policy and Approaches ...........................39 4.2 Local Government Reform..............................................................................42 4.2.1 Set-up of Local Government ....................................................................42 4.2.2 History of Local Government ...................................................................43 4.2.3 The Local Government Reform Programme.........................................47 4.2.4 Objectives and Components....................................................................49 4.2.5 Implementation of LGRP ..........................................................................50 4.2.6 Local Government Reform and Natural Resource Management ......51 4.3 Concluding Remarks........................................................................................52 5 Local Government and Community-Based Conservation in Districts Around the Selous Game Reserve ........................................................................53 5.1 Selous Conservation Programme..................................................................53 5.2 Local Government Institutions and Level of Local Participation in Decision-Making ...............................................................................................56 5.3 Management Institutions Established ...........................................................58 5.4 Issues of Land and Natural Resource Tenure .............................................61 5.5 Regulations and By-laws for Natural Resource Use...................................63 5.6 Categories, Type and Value of Benefits .......................................................65 5.7 Development of Wildlife Population...............................................................67 5.8 District Planning and Local Government Reform ........................................67 5.9 District Planning and Natural Resource Management ...............................69 5.10 Donor Assistance..............................................................................................70 5.11 Concluding Remarks........................................................................................71 6 Conclusion: Programme and Development Implications ...............................73 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................77 APPENDICES........................................................................................................................84